Large-Scale Inhomogeneous Thermodynamics
--And applications for atmospheric energetics
Yong ZhuMajor advances in theories
1) The general state equation of substances derived from energy conservation law without approximations
2) The first law of thermodynamics for nonequilibrium states
3) New transport theory for non-uniform gases which gives the transport coefficients and Clausius statement for the second law of thermodynamics
4) Collisional heat capacities for calculating heat conduction easily
5) New approach for calculating the thermodynamic potential energy and its good agreements with experimental data
6) New theory for the Joule-Thomson effect and free gas expansion, in terms of the exchanges between heat energy and thermodynamic potential energy
7) Continuity equation for molecular diffusions
8) Potential enthalpy and conservation law of potential enthalpy of inhomogeneous thermodynamic systems9) Introducing dynamic entropy to illustrate the irreversibility of mechanic processes
10) Extending thermodynamic entropy law for the irreversible turbulent processes in which the classical thermodynamic entropy may be conserved
11) The universal entropy and its law applied to interpret the changes of disorderliness in other physical and social systems
12) Partition of thermodynamic entropy into baroclinic and barotropic entropies related to the baroclinic and barotropic processes respectively to explain the mechanism of energy conversions in the atmosphere
13) Introducing the static entropy to measure the ability of geopotential energy conversion in the atmosphere
14) Introducing the geopotential entropy to explain the irreversible processes of geopotential energy conversion
15) The variational approach for calculating the kinetic energy generated in the dry and moist atmospheres
16) The energetics of sudden changes in the atmosphere
17) The energetics of stratospheric sudden warming and cooling
18) Explanations for the differences in the time and space scales of tropical and extratropical cyclones
19) Descending of tropopause in dry cyclones
20) Upward concave of tropopause in moist cyclones
21) Effect of humidity fronts on development of moist disturbances
22) Subtropical cyclones
23) Comparison of tropical and subtropical tropospheres
24) The theory of tropical cyclone recurvature
25) Energy steering mechanism for atmospheric disturbance displacement
26) Self-feeding mechanisms for tropical and extratropical cyclones
27) Using the new energetics to study the interactions between a linear disturbance and background baroclinic field
28) Static stability of slantwise convection
29) Slantwise Brunt-Vaisalla oscillations, slantwise gravity waves
30) Theory of tropopause breaking
31) General energy equation of individual parcels including the Bernoulli's equation in the adiabatic processes
32) Parcel and environmental temperature lapse rates along a slantwise path, height of slantwise convection
33) New theories of air engines in the dry and moist atmospheres, new reversible heat engine
34) Effect of temperature inversion on convection development
35) Effect of vertical wind shear on development of super storm
36) Theory of mean Hadley circulation and its seasonal changes
37) Theory on the height of tropopause
38) Calculation of threshold sea surface temperature for development of tropical storms
39) Occurrence of super-adiabatic lapse rate
40) Introducing polytropic processes to study the entrainment in convective processes
41) Polytropic static instabilities in the dry and moist atmospheres, polytropic (equivalent) potential temperature
42) Polytropic Brunt-Vaisalla oscillations
43) Limitations on frontogenesis in the atmosphere studied with thermodynamic entropy law
44) Grid-scale prediction models and their error sources, uncertainties of physical systems, predictability and chaos, etc.
45) Theory of negative diffusions
46) Re-explanation of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
47) using the balance equation of thermodynamic entropy to examine the diffusions parameterized in numerical models
48) Different equilibrium states of the atmosphere with maximum thermodynamic entropy
49) Negative entropy sources in the atmosphere
Main new treatments
1) Derivation of the first law of thermodynamics for ideal gases in terms of kinetic theory
2) Derivation of the ideal-gas equation from the general state equation
3) Derivation of the second law of thermodynamics from the new transport theory and nonequilibrium energy equation
4) Derivation of the energy equation of the atmosphere without approximation from various approaches
5) Mathematical integration of thermodynamic potential energy
6) Derivation of the Bernoulli's equation without using the momentum equation
7) Using the universal entropy to derive the partition functions, the internal energy, heat capacity and van der Waals equation
8) Calculating the surface pressure reductions in the dry and moist processes of energy conversions
9) Calculating the precipitations in in the moist processes of energy conversions
10) The developments of Eady wave, synoptic baroclinic disturbances, block systems and stratospheric perturbations in the varying environments